Physical quantities are expressed through SI units, dimensions, significant figures and uncertainty. Students learn to judge precision, combine errors and test equations dimensionally.

Position, velocity and acceleration describe one-dimensional motion. Graphs and kinematic equations connect visual, verbal and mathematical representations.

Vectors extend motion to two dimensions. Projectile and uniform circular motion show how components can be analysed independently or through radial acceleration.

Newton's laws connect net force to motion and interactions. Free-body diagrams, friction and circular motion turn qualitative situations into solvable models.

Work and power measure energy transfer and its rate. Conservation of mechanical energy offers an alternative to force-based analysis.

Centre of mass, torque and angular momentum extend mechanics to systems and rigid bodies. Equilibrium and moment of inertia connect forces to rotation.

Universal gravitation explains planetary motion, satellites and weight. Potential energy, escape speed and orbital speed connect field ideas to astronomy.

Stress, strain and elastic moduli describe how solids deform. Force-extension behaviour links microscopic bonding to bulk response.

Pressure, buoyancy, continuity and Bernoulli's principle describe fluids at rest and in motion. Viscosity and surface tension explain practical flow phenomena.

Temperature, expansion, heat capacity and phase change quantify thermal response. Conduction, convection and radiation explain how thermal energy moves.

The first law relates heat, work and internal energy. Thermodynamic processes and heat engines introduce direction, efficiency and limitations.

A molecular model explains gas pressure and temperature. Degrees of freedom and equipartition connect microscopic motion to measurable thermal properties.

Periodic motion and simple harmonic motion are developed through springs and pendulums. Energy changes and phase describe the complete oscillation.

Travelling and standing waves explain sound, strings and air columns. Superposition, beats and the Doppler effect connect wave mathematics to observation.

Coulomb's law and superposition describe electrostatic forces. Electric fields, flux and Gauss's law provide more powerful descriptions of charge distributions.

Potential and potential energy simplify electrostatic work. Capacitors store energy, and combinations plus dielectrics determine practical capacitance.

Current, drift, resistance and emf build a microscopic and circuit-level account of conduction. Kirchhoff's laws, cells and bridges support measurement and network analysis.

Magnetic fields act on charges and currents, producing circular paths and forces on conductors. Biot–Savart and Ampère's laws relate currents to fields.

Bar magnets are described through dipoles and magnetic fields. Material response distinguishes dia-, para- and ferromagnetism and connects them to applications.

Changing magnetic flux induces emf according to Faraday and Lenz. Motional emf, self-induction and generators convert mechanical and electrical energy.

Sinusoidal voltage and current lead to reactance, impedance, resonance and power factor. Transformers explain efficient transmission and voltage conversion.

Changing electric and magnetic fields sustain electromagnetic waves. The spectrum is organized by frequency and linked to production, detection and use.

Reflection and refraction are applied to mirrors, lenses, prisms and total internal reflection. Optical instruments use combinations of elements to form useful images.

Huygens' principle, interference, diffraction and polarization reveal the wave nature of light. Experiments connect path difference to observable intensity patterns.

The photoelectric effect supports the photon model while de Broglie waves extend duality to matter. Experiments determine work function and particle wavelength.

Scattering, spectra and the Bohr model describe atomic structure and quantized energy. Model successes and limitations show how scientific explanations develop.

Nuclear size, mass defect and binding energy explain stability and energy release. Radioactivity, fission and fusion connect nuclear change to applications.

Energy bands distinguish conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Diodes, rectifiers and basic electronic devices show how junction behaviour controls current.